The Quality Of Health Care - 1239 Words

Good is the Quality of Health Care in the United States We hear a lot about the quality of Healthcare within the United States in today’s day in age. Health care quality is pretty much getting the right care to the right patient on time at the right time every time the quality of health care affects everyone in the United States and determines what kind of care is given. In this article the role attachment is how to get good quality of healthcare and where it already stands. There are tons of people out there with health care who can afford and there are those out there that can’t afford it. Although those things are important what kinds of care are they offering out there and if the quality there offering is right? More people today are receiving healthcare as some are not receiving healthcare and some due to experiences some are receiving more than they need. With that being said the United States has not met the standards that they should have in order to have quality healthcare. What particularly is the quality of good h ealthcare? To me in order to get good quality health care it should be available and affordable also care choices and costs and benefits that will allow patients to make decisions about the level of care that is best fit for them also respectful such as privacy, comfort, convenience of care, and security and not discriminating because most of times people get discriminated against whether they have Medicaid, Medicare, orShow MoreRelatedQuality And Quality Of Health Care1097 Words   |  5 PagesQuality in health care is making sure that the patient that is being attended to, is receiving the right care at the right time. Quality means different thing to different people. Some weigh quality on the amount of time it takes for them to be seen. Some say it is the way that they are treated and spoken too. Quality can also be measured by some by the amount of time that they spend with the physician. Quality plays a major role in every occupation. It is extremely important in the health careRead MoreQuality And Quality Of Health Care2213 Words   |  9 PagesQuality is one of the most essential elements of healthcare. As stated by the Agency of Health Research and Quality, â€Å"Everyday, millions of Americans receive high-quality health care that helps to maintain or restore their health and ability to function† (Agency of Health Research and Quality, 2014). Improvements have become vital to the success of health care organizations and in the Healthcare Quality Book, it is explained that quality in the U.S. healthcare system is not at the standard that itRead MoreHealth Care And Quality Care1675 Words   |  7 PagesAs a graduate student offering healthcare administration, one of the key issues relevant to this field is managed care and quality care. Most of the concern for the last several decades was focused on the cost of increase in healthcare delivery. Focus during this age was on physician patient relationship dependence; where services provided we re based on ‘fee for services’ or what is called unmanaged or traditional form of healthcare delivery. With this system, patients were charged base on the natureRead MoreHealth Care And Quality Care1698 Words   |  7 PagesAs a graduate student offering health care administration, one of the key issues relevant to this field is managed care and quality care. Most of the concerns for the last several decades focused on the cost of increase in health care delivery. Focus during this age was on physician patient relationship dependence; where services provided were based on ‘fee for services’ or what is called an unmanaged or traditional form of health care delivery. With this system, patients were charged based on theRead MoreThe Quality Of Health Care844 Words   |  4 PagesThe quality of health care is one of the agenda in the health care system due to the dramatic transformation of health care system accompanied by new organizational structure and reim bursement strategies (Chuan, 2003). Quality is the degree to which services for individuals and populations increase the likely hood of desired health outcome and are consistent with current professional knowledge (Powell, 2008). Clinical indicators help to monitor the health care quality and it is related to structureRead MoreThe High Quality Of Health Care1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe average quality of health care in the U.S. is significantly more inaccessible than in other developed countries. The U.S. in aggregate spends significantly more on its healthcare industry, relative to other developed nations, and yet not all Americans have access to adequate health care services. In the present essay I compare the healthcare system in France with the U.S. system in regard to the Triple Aim framework (improving quality of care, improving the health of populations, and reducingRead MoreQuality Measures For Health Care1338 Words   |  6 PagesQuality measures are strategies that gaug e, evaluate or compute health care processes, results, discernments, patient insight, and administrative structure. In addition, quality measures are frameworks that are connected with the capacity to deliver first-class health care and/or that are able to identify with one or more quality objectives for medicinal services. These objectives include: compelling, protected, effective, quiet focused, impartial, and opportune consideration. Quality measures canRead MoreQuality Improvement For Health Care1600 Words   |  7 PagesQuality improvement in health care has been and will continue to be a beneficial process in helping with many problems faced in healthcare. According to U.S Department of Health and Human Services (2011) â€Å"quality improvement consists of systematic and continuous actions that lead to measurable improvement in health care services and the health status of targeted patient groups† (p.1). These systematic and continuous actions have indeed led to many h ealth care improvements throughout the years includingRead MoreImproving Quality Of Health Care1769 Words   |  8 PagesImproving Quality of Care The continuing growth of technology in health care is ground breaking at this time. With the advancements in technology and health care there has become a rift between providers and patients. Patients want the best quality care from the health care system. Despite this justifiably positive view that, overall, quality of care is high in this country, many factors point to the fact that the quality of care is declining. It is believed that patient-physician relationships areRead MoreDefinition Of Health Care Quality1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of health care quality has changed significantly over the years. Depending on who is asked (doctor, patient, nurse etc.), the definition can vary; however there are always some similarities. There are two definitions expressed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) that I believe adequately express my view on health care quality. One definition is from the Institute of Medicine that states health care quality is †Å"safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient

Pas vs Euthanasia Free Essays

string(170) " in the context of clinical complications, errors, negligence, or deliberate killing have been demonstrated by the legal and professional acceptance of particular cases\." Every human being has the power to make decisions throughout the course of his or her life. People make choices every day, and it is the control that people have over their own lives that allows them to do so. This ability to have options and be able to make decisions should not cease to exist as a patient approaches the end of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Pas vs Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now People have the right to believe strongly in personal autonomy and have the determination to control the end of their lives as wished (DeSpelder 238). Toward the end of life, people should still be given the chance to make decisions, in order to allow them some form of control in a life. The option for Physician Assisted Suicide allows for those, who are approaching death, to end their lives without losing any dignity. Physician Assisted Suicide is when a physician intentionally assists a person in committing his or her own suicide by providing drugs for self administration at a voluntary and competent request (Oliver 2006). With Physician Assisted Suicide, the physician provides the patient with a prescription for a lethal dose of medication, and counseling on the doses and the methods the patient must follow through with to complete the act (Sanders 2007). The physician may be present while the patient self-administers the medication, although this is not legally required. Also, the physician, or any other person, cannot assist the patient in administering the medication (Darr 2007). Physician Assisted Suicide should not be confused with Euthanasia. In the practice of Physician Assisted Suicide, it is the patient who makes the final administration of the lethal medication. As far as Euthanasia is concerned, it is a deliberate action done with the intention to hasten or cause the death of an individual (Sanders 2007). Physician Assisted Suicide is only legal in the state of Oregon, while Euthanasia is illegal across the United States. Even though Euthanasia is illegal, it was performed casually by a physician by the name of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Dr. Kevorkian would typically start an IV running saline, and allow the patient to then initiate the flow of barbituates and potassium chloride which would result in death (Darr 2007). After having assisted in the deaths of nearly 130 people over the course of ten years, Dr. Kevorkian was found guilty of having given a man a lethal injection which caused the man’s death, and Dr. Kevorkian was sentenced to prison. Although some may see Dr. Kevorkian’s work as wrong and immoral, others support him and his symbol as the public debate on ethical and legal issues surrounding Physician Assisted Suicide (DeSpelder 238). There are many different types or forms of Euthanasia. These types of Euthanasia are: passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, active voluntary euthanasia, and active involuntary euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is the occurrence of a natural death through the discontinuation of life-support equipment or the cessation of life-sustaining medical procedures. Active euthanasia is a deliberate action to end the life of an individual. Voluntary active euthanasia is the intervention of lethal injection to end the life of a mentally competent, suffering individual who has requested to have his or her life put to an end. The last form of Euthanasia is active voluntary euthanasia in which a physician has intervened in such a way to cause the patient’s death, but without the consent from the patient (Scherer 13). One may wish to experience Euthanasia to end his or her life for many reasons. Many patients wish for control and influence over the manner and timing of his or her own death. He or she may also wish to maintain his or her dignity and wish to have relief of severe pain that may be caused by a terminal illness. Other thoughts that may affect the choice for Euthanasia involve wanting to avoid the potential for abuse from his or her doctor, family, health care insurance, and society (Scherer vii). On the other hand, a patient may wish to pursue Physician Assisted Suicide, or a hastened death, because of an illness related experience such as agonizing symptoms, functional losses, and the effects of pain medications on his or her body. The patient may also feel that the mystery of death is a threat to his or her sense of self, and wish for some sort of control over the matter. Also, patients may fear for the future as far as the quality of life is concerned. A negative past experience with death, and the fear of becoming a burden on amily and friends, can greatly influence a person’s choice to seek Physician Assisted Suicide. As the end of life is approached, care can become much more involved, placing strain on those who are responsible for caring for the dying (Quill 93). In caring for the terminally ill and those near death, certain medications may be prescribed to reduce pain and a patient’s experience with suffering. When administering such medications in an a ttempt to control symptoms, a physician or nurse may inadvertently cause a person’s death. This occurrence is known as ‘double effect’ (Oliver 2006). The doctrine of double effect states that ‘a harmful effect of treatment, even if it results in death, is permissible if the harm is not intended and occurs as a side effect of a beneficial action’ (DeSpelder 238). Because the dosage of medications may need to be adjusted to relieve pain at specific periods of end-of-life, it is likely that respiratory distress may occur soon afterward, leading to death. This has become known as ‘terminal sedation’, yet the Supreme Court has ruled that such instances do not account for Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide because the main intent was to relieve pain (DeSpelder 239). It may appear at times as though the law and medical profession hold strong views that oppose assisting death, but in many ways, they have also shown that under certain circumstances, hastening death can be justified. Hastening death through interventions which do not take place in the context of clinical complications, errors, negligence, or deliberate killing have been demonstrated by the legal and professional acceptance of particular cases. You read "Pas vs Euthanasia" in category "Papers" Both the law and medical profession allow for the right of a competent adult to refuse any type of treatment, including one which may save his or her life. Doctors are given the right to withdraw or withhold any treatments that he or she sees as futile or not in the patient’s best interest; this includes life saving and life prolonging treatments. As mentioned previously, Doctors are legally also given the right to use their discretion in administering high-dose opiates in the context of palliative care (Sanders 2007). In looking at such scenarios, it is difficult to understand why Physician Assisted Suicide is illegal in all states aside from Oregon, yet similar procedures and actions, that end in the same outcome, are legal in all states. The only state in which Physician Assisted Suicide is legal is the state of Oregon. Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1997 which allowed the terminally ill to end their lives voluntarily through the self administration of lethal medications, prescribed by a physician, for this exact purpose (Death). Any physicians, who are against aiding someone in ending his or her life, may refuse to prescribe the lethal medications, but each is given the ability and choice to participate (DeSpelder 237). Although Oregon is the only state in which Physician Assisted Suicide is legal, California, Vermont and Washington all hope to follow in Oregon’s footsteps in legalizing this practice (Ball 2006). Since Physician Assisted Suicide is legal in the state of Oregon, it may be feared that too many people will take advantage of such a utility and that it has potential for abuse (Quill 6). This is not necessarily true. In Oregon, an average of 50 people take full advantage of Physician Assisted Suicide each year; yet many more than this actually receive the lethal medications and choose not to use them (Oliver 2006). Perhaps it is the feeling of having these medications to fall back on that gives people comfort. People who receive a prescription from their physicians for these lethal medications know that if they ever get to the point where they feel as if they cannot live any longer, they do not have to. Some other facts about patients who choose to follow through with Physician Assisted Suicide are that the majority of those who took the lethal medications were more likely to be divorced or never married rather than married or widowed, had levels of education higher than general education, and had either HIV and AIDS or malignant neoplasms (Darr 2007). Although Physician Assisted Suicide was made legal in Oregon, there have been many instances where the United States Supreme Court has attempted to give Physician Assisted Suicide a bad image. In 1997, the Supreme Court compared two cases related to Physician Assisted Suicide. The cases were Washington vs. Glucksberg, and Vacco vs. Quill. In the comparison of these two cases, the Supreme Court looked at withholding and withdrawing treatments against Physician Assisted Suicide. The Court concluded that ‘the right to refuse treatment was based on the right to maintain one’s bodily integrity, not on a right to hasten death’ but when treatments are withdrawn or withheld, ‘the intent is to honor the patient’s wishes, not cause death, unlike PAS where the patient is â€Å"killed† by the lethal medication’ (DeSpelder 237). After examination of such cases, the Supreme Court confirmed that states had the right to prohibit Physician Assisted Suicide, or allow it under some regulatory system. In order to be eligible for Physician Assisted Suicide, there are certain criteria that need to be met. First, the patient must be at least eighteen years old and a legal resident in the state of Oregon. The patient must be diagnosed with a terminal illness which is determined to provide the patient with less than six months to live. This terminal diagnosis must be confirmed again by a consulting physician. The patient must also be able to communicate his or her health care decisions. A patient is determined to be mentally incompetent in making such decisions, as stated by the Mental Capacity Act of 2005, if he or she is unable to understand information that is relevant to the situation or decision, is unable to retain this information being provided, cannot use or weigh information as part of the natural decision making process, and cannot communicate his or her decision in any manner (Dimond 2006). The request for Physician Assisted Suicide must be a voluntary request, with at least one written request, signed in the presence of at least two witnesses, and two verbal request, both of which must be at least fifteen days apart. If either the attending or consulting physician feels as though the patient may be depressed, a complete psychiatric examination is done. In addition to these criteria, the physician must also provide information to the patient about hospice care and other comfort measures that may serve as alternatives to Physician Assisted Suicide (Ball 2006). It is important to explore all possibilities for pain management and palliative care to the fullest extent in order to set aside Physician Assisted Suicide as the final resort to ending pain and suffering (Scherer 118). The request for Physician Assisted Suicide is also a prime opportunity for health care providers to examine, explore and address a patient’s fears for the end-of-life (Darr 2007). It is important to hear the request and the feelings behind it, because this could also be a patient’s means for expressing a fear of being kept alive by technological treatments, or even a way of expressing depression. A patient may feel as though it would be easier to put an end to his or her life rather than to deteriorate (Oliver 2006). Because these possibilities may be so, it is important to analyze a patient’s behavior and requests for death carefully. These requests may not be a true wish to die, but rather what is thought to be an easy way out, or a deep lying psychological issue. It is also recommended that the physician and patient have formed a previous relationship so that there is a clear understanding of the patient’s history and future medical treatment wishes. There must be a discussion between the physician and patient. This discussion facilitates the physician’s understanding of the meaning of the request which will then allow him or her to respond to the patient’s request with both concern and compassion. If both concern and compassion can be developed within the physician-patient relationship, then it is more likely that the physician can accept the patient’s request without encouraging the patient’s decision to pursue Physician Assisted Suicide (Scherer 118). There are many arguments both for and against the use of Physician Assisted Suicide. The argument for Physician Assisted Suicide is focused primarily on the support of a person’s autonomous decision to end his or her life. It is believed that any person who at the end of his or her life is experiencing unbearable symptoms or distress and feels as though he or she has a poor quality of life, should be able to request assistance in ending his of her life (Oliver 2006). If we are to respect a patient’s wishes, then it is thought that we too should respect a patient’s choice of when and how to die. If a patient has the right to make informed decisions about medical treatment, then this right should naturally extend into his or her informed choice to choose a medically assisted death (Sanders 2007). Those who are against Physician Assisted Suicide believe that a patient’s autonomy should be limited when its exercise has a negative effect on others, and that it undermines a patient’s ability to trust a doctor as a healer (Sanders 2007). Many people also believe that ‘life is a gift from God and no human being has the right to take that gift away’ (Heintz 2007). Fears or worries may arise with the legalization of Physician Assisted Suicide. As health care workers and providers, the job at hand is viewed as maintaining life and improving a patient’s physical condition while performing Physician Assisted Suicide may remove this image. If legalized, the public may find it fearsome that the health care system has become somewhat inconsistent. This is demonstrated when a patient is asked to trust a health care provider in maintaining or improving his or her health while that same provider may be assisting other patients in committing their own suicides (Darr 2007). I chose the topic of Physician Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia because it is something that I find interesting. There is a constant struggle going on as to whether or not these procedures and actions are ethical, and I thought that it would be interesting to learn more about the topics in order to better develop my own view on the matter. Through my research, my opinion of Physician Assisted Suicide did not change. I had originally viewed Physician Assisted Suicide as a person’s choice and right. Now, I still have the same input on the topic, but I feel as though I could better argue my decision of being for Physician Assisted Suicide rather than against it. I have learned a lot about Physician Assisted Suicide. I find it most important that my sources of information were from both sides of the discussion. This made it helpful for me to understand both views on Physician Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Upon completing my research, I developed stronger feelings for the case of Physician Assisted Suicide as being a patient’s choice. This is an individual’s choice, and for anyone to vote against such a procedure does not seem OK. Nobody has a say in what goes on in another person’s life. If this really is the case, then why should anyone be able to say that people who are suffering and nearing death cannot take a lethal dose of medication to kill themselves. It all comes down to Physician Assisted Suicide being a patient’s choice and right to have the opportunity in front of him or her if he or she deems it necessary. In conclusion, the ending of one’s life should be left in the hands of that one individual and nobody else. It will always be said to people that â€Å"it is your life, do with it as you will†, but why should this phrase change when it is applied to someone’s death? People should be free to determine their own fates by their own autonomous choices, especially when it comes to private matters such as health (Quill 39). No one person’s life should be at the mercy of what other people believe would be best. Life or death and the way they will be carried out or ended, should be nobodies choice but the individual. Resources Ball, S. (2006). Nurse-patient advocacy and the right to die. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 44, 36-42. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Darr, K. (2007). Assistance in dying: part II. Assisted suicide in the united states. Nexus. Ethics, Law, and Management, 85, 31-36. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Death with dignity act. OREGON. gov. Retrieved February 15, 2008 from http://oregon. gov/DHS/ph/pas . DeSpelder, L. , Strickland, A. (2005). The last dance: Encountering death and dying. New York: McGraw-Hill. Dimond, B. (2006). Mental capacity requirements and a patient’s right to die. British Journal of Nursing, 15, 1130-1131. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Heintz, A. (2007). Quality of dying. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 28, 1-2. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Oliver, D. (2006). A perspective on euthanasia. British Journal of Cancer, 95, 953-954. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Quill, T. , Battin, M. (2004). Physician assisted dying: The case for palliative care and patient choice. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Sanders, K. , Chaloner, C. (2007). Voluntary euthanasia: Ethical concepts and definitions. Art and Science Ethical Decision-Making, 21, 41-44. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Scherer, J. , Simon, R. (1999). Euthanasia and the right to die: A comparative view. United States of America: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. How to cite Pas vs Euthanasia, Papers

Administrative structure in Malaysia Essay Example For Students

Administrative structure in Malaysia Essay Introduction Malaysia, Malaysia ( Malaysia ) for short, is one of the Southeast Asia by 13 provinces and three federal systems composed of territory federal states. Kuala Lumpur, the federal authorities is located in the metropolis. August 31, 1957 ( Dinging You old ages ) independency. Western half is located in the Malay Peninsula, frequently referred to as the west , the north Thailand, and south across the Johor sound, as opposed to a Singapore and Indonesia s Riau islands ; The eastern half is frequently referred to as the east Equus caballus , south Kalimantan, Indonesia. Equally early as the sixth century BC, and now the Malayan part to set up a Kedah land. 14 existent Malacca land centered in Malacca, the fusion of most of the Malay Peninsula. 1511 Portugal conquered the Malacca. World War II , the United Kingdom, such as the Penang Malay maharaja 9 merges it to federal, Singapore as an independent British settlement. Federated Malay States in 1957 independency, the Federated Malay States in 1963 with Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah merged to organize Malaysia. 1965 Singapore quit organizing the current Malaysia. The members of the British Commonwealth, the non-aligned motion and members of the organisation of the Islamic conference, is besides one of the initiation of the association of Southeast Asiatic states states. Chiefly involved in military action defence confederation with the five states and the United Nations peacekeeping operations. Administrative construction in Malaysia 2.1 The legislative subdivision 2.1.1 at the federal degree YDPA Malayan Supreme Head of State as caput of province, commanding officer in head of the armed forces and Islamic leaders from the nine familial swayers of the meeting in conformity with the campaigning of Sudan Sudan Aging’s age and became drawn up the list, the highest elected a senior status Sudanese caput of province, a term of five old ages. Supreme Head of State is the caput of province has the legal position of the Federal Constitution and the Act of Parliament expressly bar out of his state representative for Malaysia, the highest legislative and executive decision-makers. Senate A sum of 69 members of the Malayan Senate, where 26 is indirectly elected by the province legislative assembly elections in 13 provinces, in add-on to the 44 caputs of province from the federal authorities to the highest recommended for assignment. Senators must be over 30 old ages of the Federation of Malaysia citizen, a entire term of three old ages, irrespective of whether the uninterrupted mean term renewable merely one time. House of representative A sum of 193 members must be at least 21 old ages of age and shall non function on the Members. Under the five-year term of office of members must be regular and comprehensive re-election, Mr. Election, when electors in the constituency Members vote seats, mining comparative bulk determination made it past the station vote. Known as â€Å"YANG BERHORMAT† . Responsible by Congress in Malaysia, the undertaking of amending the jurisprudence and abrogation, straight under the Aging of Malaysia. 2.1.2 at the province degree Rules Heads of province leaders is highest, harmonizing to the state s fundamental law, the caput of province has the right to urge the rules of action, every bit good as the regulations and the powers to name and YDB YDN, for the assignment of the Minister of State has certain rights. You can decline the petition and agreed to fade out the legislative assembly of each province, but for the demands of the swayers of the Council, to be met, the caput of the Malayan Islamic faith spring regard and satisfaction. State legislative assembly 13 provinces, each province has its ain legislative assembly, every member is elected by the people themselves, this tradition has been maintained for five old ages, the election over the age of 21 people, they were known as YANG BERHORMAT Council is responsible for the drafting of the statute law, and argument on them, but a individual can non be at the same clip a representative figure of constituency, stand foring a territory merely. 2.2 The Executive subdivision 2.2.1 at the federal degree YDPA YDPA 2.1.1 has been discussed in the above Council of the regulations Hamlet8 Essay3.0 Explain your state system China The judicial variety meats of China including the tribunal, proxy Ate, public security variety meats ( including the province security variety meats ) and judicial administrative variety meats and their prima attorney organisation, notary organ, re-education through labour governments, etc. The people s tribunal is an organ of the province test ; the people s proxy Ate is the national legal supervising variety meats ; the public security organ is the public security organ, is responsible for the probe of condemnable instances, detainment or pre-qualification and apprehensions. Has the nature of the public security organ of a province security organ ; Main duty is to direction of the judicial administrative variety meats of the prisons and labour cantonments, attorneies, notarization, people s mediation and legal promotion and instruction, etc. Judicial organisation refers to the attorneies, notarization, and the arbitration organisation. The latter is non the judicial variety meats, are indispensable in the judicial system and links. 4.0 Comparison with Malaysia Malaysia authorities and society: Constitutional monarchy ( a constitutional monarchy is divided into double monarchy and a parliamentary monarchy, Malaysia belong to parliament monarchy ) . Rulers meeting by the Johor, Pahang, Selangor, Mei LAN, knight, Deng gaol floor, Kelantan, Kedah, glass metropolis nine provinces of familial Sudan and Malacca, Penang, sand, the more, the Shaba of four provinces of caputs of province. Its map is highest in nine familial Sudan in bend elected caput of province and deputy supreme caput of province ; Review and promulgated by the national Torahs and ordinances ; Has the concluding determinations on Islam job on a countrywide graduated table ; Review involved cultural Malayans and Sabah, sand the privileged position of autochthonal peoples and other major jobs. Without the consent of the meeting, and shall non by any jurisprudence swayers of privileged position. China authorities and society: National nature: the people s democratic absolutism of socialist states. The socialist system is the basic system of the People s Republic of China. The socialist system by any organisation or person is prohibited devastation. â€Å"After Hong Kong and Macao return, because of historical grounds, the execution of one state, two systems , viz. in mainland China patterns the socialist system and capitalist system in Hong Kong and Macao shall, because civil war failed to unite Taiwan, soon for the system of capitalist economy, return besides suited for the one state, two systems , still pattern the system of capitalist economy. Government: the people s Congress system. PRC in article 2 of ordinance: all power in the People s Republic of China belongs to the people. The people exercise province power of authorization is the National People s Congress and local people s Congresss at assorted degrees. The people in conformity with the jurisprudence, through assorted channels and signifiers, direction of province personal businesss, pull off economic and cultural projects and societal personal businesss direction. 5.0 Decision Malaysia particular political economic and cultural background every bit good as for its alone geographical place, one of the universe celebrated. Malaysia pursues an independent foreign policy, impersonal and nonaligned. Precedence to the development of foreign policy basis for the association of south-east Asiatic nationsASEAN ) , dealingss with ASEAN states. Great importance to developing dealingss with power. Is a member of the commonwealth, and its member provinces more exchanges? With the constitution of diplomatic ties in 131 states. 6.0 Reference list Web sites Malaysia History and society, available at: mailto: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cicir.ac.cn/chinese/newsView.aspx? nid=2946, Accessed on 25ThursdayNovember 2014 China History and society, , available at: mailto: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npc.gov.cn/pc/11_4/2007-12/05/content_1620424.htm, Accessed on 6ThursdayDecember 2014 Word count: 2037

Tata Nano Case Analysis Essay Example

Tata Nano Case Analysis Essay Introduction: The Tata group is one of the largest automobile companies in India and ranks sixth in the commercial vehicle manufacturing in the world. It is a leader in the commercial as well as the passenger vehicle segment. The top three passenger vehicles are sports utility vehicle, mid-size car and mini-truck. In May 2008, the Tata group acquired Ford Motor’s British based automotive icons Jaguar and Land Rover. Lack of safer, comfortable and spacious means of transportation and poor quality of mass transport is a common concern in India. Decision Problem: The Tata group come up with a unique concept â€Å"Tata Nano: the People’s car† to be built within USD2500 (Rs1 lakh), an affordable, safer, comfortable and spacious alternative to the middle class families and students. The chances of Tata Motors squeezing a drop of profit out of a $2,500 Nano is highly unlikely with the Nanos long promised price staying the same and rising cost for raw materials. Choosing a single culprit for this is impossible, since escalating material costs have raised the price of everything from corn flakes to crude oil. Focusing only on the Nanos steel exterior, its clear how difficult it will be for Tata to stick to that $2,500 price for long. Tata has faced controversies over developing the Nano as some environmentalists are concerned that the launch of such a low-priced car could lead to mass motorization in India with adverse effects on pollution and global warming. Protests over the land acquisition led Tata Motors to shift its manufacturing plant to Gujarat. We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Nano Case Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Nano Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Nano Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While currently the political tensions have subsided, there is no guarantee that in future land acquisition row would not lead to another full fledged political war. Decisions Alternatives: Innovative Marketing: Tata will sell its ultra cheap new car through its own retail outlets as well as auto dealerships. The Nanos overall marketing strategy will use conventional media in an unconventional manner. Innovative Technology: With the shift to smaller cars for emerging markets, carmakers must develop new technologies and new business models to meet the demands of these markets. Small cars must be lighter and more fuel-efficient, so manufacturers are turning to such technologies as alternate power trains, fuels, propulsion systems, and braking systems, as well as materials not typically used in cars, including plastics for exterior body components such as doors, and strong, lightweight alloys and composite materials for structures. It brings to market a totally different value proposition than the one available and can change the paradigm of a product. Cost Reduction: Use of alternate materials and reduced consumption of material being used were primary considerations to minimize the cost of production. Alternate Suppliers to get same material at fewer prices as well as establishment of suppliers near the manufacturing facility were key strategies adopted by Tata Group. This helped in reducing the delays in the supply chain and setting up dedicated vendors to supply the raw materials to the Nano plant. Industry Analysis: India is well-known for its massive transportation system. As Indias transport network is developing at a fast pace, Indian Automobile Industry is growing too and therefore, providing employment to a large section of the population. Thus the role of Automobile Industry is very essential in Indian economy. Various types of vehicles are manufactured by the Automobile Industry. Indian Automobile Industry includes the manufacturing of trucks, buses, passenger cars, defense vehicles, two wheelers, etc. The industry can be broadly segmented into the car manufacturing, two wheeler manufacturing and heavy vehicle manufacturing units. The major Car manufacturer are Hindustan Motors, Maruti Udyog, Fiat India Private Ltd. , Ford India Ltd. , General Motors India Pvt. Ltd. Honda Siel Cars India Ltd. Hyundai Motors India Ltd. , Skoda India Private Ltd. , Toyota Kirloskar Motor Ltd. The two-wheeler manufacturing is dominated by companies like TVS, Honda Motorcycle Scooter India (Pvt. ) Ltd. , Hero Honda, Yamaha, Bajaj, etc. The heavy motors like buses, trucks, defense vehicles, auto rickshaws and other multi-utility vehicles are manufactured by Tata-Telco, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Bajaj, Mahindra and Mahindra, etc. Indi a`s giant automotive manufacturer company TATA MOTORS has largest share in commercial vehicle in India. It has also positioned itself in the international market after acquiring Jaguar and Land rover and exporting their key products in the international market. The future of Indian Automobile market is bright as it looks forward to manufacturing and implementing new innovations. Political factors: The liberalization of the automobile industry in 1990s encouraged foreign investors and Indian companies to enter into joint ventures. India became the largest and fastest growing car markets in the world in 2005-06 and it was reported that the passenger car market grew by 25% per year and the passenger vehicle exports grew by 12. % annually. India has a well established regulatory framework under the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways in which SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) plays a very important role. All the stake holders are part of the regulation formulation setup. The Indian Auto Industry is implementing both Safety Emission regulations in compliance w ith International Standards for sustained growth of the auto industry for combating the environment concerns and become a global export hub. Economical factors: There is a massive transportation system in India for the public which helps the economy to the large scale. The new development of road system is contributing a lot towards the transportation system of the country. Better and wider roads built with the long lasting material are helping the economy of the country as less expense will occur. With the better transportation system the material is moved to different places with a greater ease and in short time, in turn, helps in increasing the GDP as more products can be made in same time. The per capita income of India is increasing due to which the buying power of the consumers has also increased making people buy cars and bikes. The banking system in India provides people with easier and cheaper finance schemes which help the consumers to buy vehicles easily. Social factors: The Automotive Research Association of India has been playing a crucial role in assuring safe, less polluting and more efficient vehicles. New measures are being taken to make the automobiles less polluting. Reducing pollution helps creating a better and healthy environment for the society. Technical factors: The Indian auto Industry is working with the authorities to facilitate for introduction of the alternative fuels. The latest technology is being adopted by the companies and is being launched in India as well. A lot of new safety measures are now taken into consideration before the car or any other motor vehicle is launched to ensure its safety and reliability. The impact of the severe downturn in the automobile industry during the year 2009 was observed in the fall of major players like GM, Chrysler and Ford. On other the side, the small car segment has seen substantial growth and a rise in demand. The majority of growth in the global automobile industry in the coming decade is expected to be from emerging economies such as India, China and Eastern Europe. Significant growth of auto market in these countries will be attributed to the fast growing small car segment. The small-car revolution is taking place within the context of the very different needs and desires of the new consumer in emerging markets. The low-cost cars are typically their first choice to be driven around the town, but not for long distance trips. Company Analysis: Strengths Brand name TATA: Tata Motors is the only company in India with a broad based presence across the industry, in all segments of the commercial vehicles market – heavy and medium commercial vehicles, light commercial vehicles, pick-ups, mini-trucks and key segments compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments of the passenger vehicles market. Unique Understanding of customer needs: Going forward, Tata Motors had anticipated that non-car owning families, at the bottom of the pyramid, will look for an extremely affordable vehicle. Nano is an excellent option to meet the needs of low-income group. Environmental Concerns: High oil prices and concern for environment are critical factors in success of small car industry. High fuel and commodities prices are expected to be around for the foreseeable future, and the prices will only make cars more expensive to build and to run, thus reinforcing the desire to keep cars small. Concerns about the environment and global warming are also promoting the trend toward fuel efficient smaller cars not just in the developing world, but everywhere. Access to distribution channels: When a new product is ready to be launched, a well developed distribution is must for its success. The TATA motors had an advantage of well established distribution channel across the world Weakness Low power: The low-cost cars are typically their first choice to be driven around the town, but not for long distance trips. Not a status symbol: Small cars are still seen as an entry level option as it offers limited features. The small car segment doesn’t find many takers in the developed world where people still prefer luxury and safety over anything else. Delay in manufacturing: Due to political issues, the manufacturing plant was shifted to Gujarat. The political conflict and opposition from local community caused a major delay in the establishment of the production facility for the Tata Nano. Opportunities Large market for selling: It will be commercialized all over India. It is mostly targeted to the middle class and lower middle class people. First car in low range: NANO enjoys the monopoly are there are no competitors in this segment. Potential in global market: The success of Nano would lead to decreased demand of products from developed countries as there is a greater emphasis on fuel efficient vehicles and traffic congestion globally. Once the companies from developed countries experience restricted growth in developing countries, the demand for oil-guzzling cars from developed countries is sure to decline. Nano is expected to cut sales of bigger car companies in India and other developing markets. Nano possess a great potential to become the master of roads in the developing countries. Threats Company rival: NANO is the only player so it has the price freedom but as the Maruti and Honda are also planning to launch the car in the same segment the price competition will start. Concerns over traffic congestion: A larger number of cars will adversely impact the environment due to emissions. Analysis of Alternatives: Branding identify the maker of a product and allows consumer to assign the responsibility for its performance to a particular manufacturer. The new Tata Nano focuses on not only one segment of Indian population which has an access to the other automobiles, but also to a greater percentage of population who can overstretch a bit from buying a new two-wheeler or a used small car to getting a brand new vehicle in the form of the â€Å"People’s Car†. The branding strategy in Nano’s case is corporate name combined with individual product name. Ever since it was conceptualized, anyone and everyone in the automobile industry had commented that the Tata dream of a People’s Car was just a figment of imagination and making a car at this low a price without compromising on quality is not possible. This very fact makes the Nano special. It is a brand that defines the dream, coupled with the hard work, dedication and determination of a team who believed in and worked for converting this vision into reality. The introduction of Tata Nano received media attention due to its targeted price. Tata adapted a strong communication strategy to get the word out to the public through media, trade shows, auto shows, internet buzz and pre-launching of the Nano. The demand of any product is mainly driven by two main factors: the price of the product and income of the buyer. Target Markets: †¢ Two-wheelers people: those people who are working professionals or college students but cannot afford to buy a three lakh car. †¢ Second hand car user: those people who cannot afford to buy new car but would be able to buy new car cheaper than used car. Auto rickshaw/Three-wheeler: Most of the auto rickshaw costs almost the same price as Nano. †¢ Middle and lower income class: these are the people that are growing and are also becoming a little richer which is making them afford a car. The buyers in this segment are generally first time buyers and their main considerations are low cost and fuel ef ficiency The real price of the vehicle is the capital cost plus the running cost (fuel, insurance, service and maintenance). Lower purchase price and running cost of Tata’s Nano would appeal to mass markets. The introduction of Tata Nano would elevate the number of households that could afford a car by 65%. Tata will be creating a whole new segment and in turn, getting the first mover advantage. It is also assumed that lesser the fuel consumed by the car, the more number of Nano will be purchased by the people. For most of the products, as the income goes up, the demand goes up. As the income increases, the household moves the ladder up graduating from bicycle to two or three-wheeler and two-wheelers to motorcars. In addition, if the price were to decrease, the demands get a further fillip. It has been assumed that the low price of Nano will galvanize the demand. The strength of income elasticity outweighs the price elasticity for an expensive product. Vehicles also fall under this category. It is the growing income that strongly impacts the demand than the lower price. India’s two-wheeler market was listed second largest globally in 2007 and the demand is expected to be 18 million units by 2011. Among the two-wheeler segment, the motorcycles, scooters and mopeds have major share in the market. Three-wheelers also dominate the market for carrying passenger and cargo loads. The majority of the two-wheeler and three-wheeler owners does not own a car and belong to the lower or middle income groups. With fast growing middle class, it has been projected that there will be increase in demand for lowest end car. The Tata Nano group is targeting the two-and three-wheeler middle-income groups, college students and used car buyers. In the absence of strong competition, Maruti Udyog ltd. has dominated the Indian automobile market since 1980s. The competition in India’s automobile history had been heating up in the recent years. As the automobile sector rapidly evolved through deregulation and open markets, many foreign companies already set up their presence in India through tie-ups with local manufacturers and some have done entirely at their own. Since then, there has been an emergence of new competition of higher value segments of passenger car market. For the four wheeler segment, Maruti Udyog dominates the automobile industry holding 52. 2% share of the passenger car market, followed by Hyundai with 19. 2% and Tata Motors with 16. 6%. For two wheeler segments, it remains quite a local dominant game but some global players also have presence in the market. Major players in this segment include Bajaj Auto, Hero Honda, TVS Motors, Yamaha and Kinetic. The two-wheeler with its low price and lower running cost would continue to be an option for biker and lower income segment. Nano would position itself as the cheapest car against its major competitors, Maruti Udyog and Hyunda Motors India Ltd. without compromising quality, safety and emission standards. Since the car has to be built within a cost of USD2500 (Rs1 lakh), no conventional design would work. There is a lot innovation in that is required in the design and manufacturing process which will help in reducing the costs. There is stiff opposition from the environmental groups. This is because of the fear that a larger number of cars will adversely impact the environment due to emissions. The company designed the car from scratch to offer customers a low cost small car, meeting regulatory requirements and achieve performance targets such as fuel efficiency. Nano has been designed with a family in mind. It would serve as roomy compartment for a family of four. Nano’s safety and emission standards exceed current regulatory requirements. Tata is taking advantage of its well established dealerships and changing the manufacturing and distribution channels. A distributed manufacturing system would refer to central control system. The entire manufacturing system would be connected by networks for communication and monitoring. The manufacturing of small cars generally happens in labour intensive countries as this helps the manufacturers in reducing the costs and passing the benefits to the customers. Developing countries like India and China are thus the hubs of small car manufacturing. According to Ratan Tata (Chairman of the Tata Group), the car components could be built at different locations and then shipped as â€Å"car kits† to local manufacturers for assembly. The automaker would oversee the quality and reliability of the assembly operations, taking full responsibility of product liability. Using this strategy, Tata expects to meet the consumer demand as the market grows. Tata is implementing a hub and spoke model for Nano’s distribution. The unique distribution would increase dealership points as well as add sales and customer touch points. In terms of manufacturing strategy, the possibility of Nano final assembly being done at local dealers would be a breakthrough. The cost structure is basically the cost required for the manufacturing of the product includes the cost of raw materials and the inputs. Nano has the smallest exterior footprint with a length of 3. 1 meters and width of 1. 5 meters but is 21% more spacious than Maruti 800, the world’s smallest car. Nano offers incredibly spacious passenger compartment which can comfortably seat four people. To minimize the cost of production, the alternatives were explored such as reverse auctions, minimizing the cost of luxuries by designing car components to serve multiple functions and long term contracts with over 100 suppliers. Tata Nano was launched aiming the low-income people of India. So, the price has been decided according to the target groups only. The less number of accessories is another reason for the price to be set low as compared to other passenger cars in the market. Tata implemented market-penetration pricing, which is low to set a low price for a new car in order to attract a large number buyers and a large market share. This will be done by achieving the high sales volume, resulting in cost reduction and allowing the company to cut its price even further. Tata is working on the strategy of reducing costs and waste to improve profits by implementing a new style of pricing than the traditional way of pricing of automobiles. More cost reduction means more profit. This means Tata’s will continue to squeeze suppliers. The low price of Nano will help to keep out competition and maintain its low-price position. The economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as scale is increased. Economies of scale may be utilized by any size firm expanding its scale of operation. The common ones are purchasing (bulk buying of materials through long-term contracts), financial (obtaining lower-interest charges when borrowing from banks and having access to a greater range of financial instruments), and marketing (spreading the cost of advertising over a greater range of output in media markets). Each of these factors reduces the long run average costs of production. Tata is counting on the economies of scale along with careful sourcing of materials to keep prices down. Nano may impact the sales of the other small passenger cars to some extent. As there is price difference between Nano and two wheelers, the two wheelers would continue to be an entry level option. There is a wide scope for Tata Nano because of the upward migration of the living standards and lower price as compared to the other options available in the market. A large segment of the population is emerging from poverty and entering the middle class. Consumption patterns are changing dramatically. The increases in income mean these newly well-off people find themselves able to afford economy cars. Rising income levels of middle class in the developing world and reduction in the ownership cost with less expensive cars such as the Tata Nano will increase the demand of the small car and open up new markets for car manufacturers. Low labour cost in emerging economies is also attracting hordes of manufacturers to their soil. As oil prices rise and concerns about the environment grow, the small car will become the king of the road. This is more evident than in the developing world where increasing prosperity is bringing millions of first-time buyers into the market for new cars. Tata Nano can meet the needs for a second car by families apart from the big sedans for commuting within short distances. Space constraints in most of the major cities in the world make it difficult for owners to manage with a large car. They would rather prefer an easily maneuverable small car. This presents a tremendous opportunity for India, which is growing quickly, building a vast middle class, and gaining experience in building and selling cars. India can take advantage of its experience in this market to become the world leader in the fast-growing small-car segment. Recommendations: Increasing global presence – Nano must show more presence in the developed markets apart from the developing ones since people are becoming more sensitive towards environmental issues and of course they want to spend less on fuel guzzling cars. †¢ Political issues and Land acquisition- More transparency should be there in land acquisitions for building plants. Local people must be taken into confidence before embarking on building plants in the area. †¢ The brand needs more of advertising and promotion which it is currently lacking. The low cost must not compromise on quality. Easy loans must be made available to those who wish to own this car. †¢ New product launches on time, within budget, and focused on the target segment will be critical to the future success of OEMs and suppliers across all segments. Volatile raw material and input costs, especially oil and steel, will continue to have a pervasive impact on the operating profitability of OEMs. Successfully managing supply chain complexity, implementing low-cost country sourcing strategies, and continuous technological innovation will be vital to achieving long-term cost mitigation goals.

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs By Maeve Maddox Conjunctions are words that link words, phrases, and clauses and provide a smooth transition between ideas. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Some adverbs can also join or show connections between ideas. When they do this, they are called conjunctive adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs show comparison, contrast, sequence, cause-effect, or other relationships between ideas. The most common conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly also besides consequently conversely finally furthermore hence however indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover nevertheless next nonetheless otherwise similarly still subsequently then therefore thus Conjunctive adverbs function in three ways. 1. They indicate a connection between two independent clauses in one sentence: The primary meaning of the term  Ã¡ ¸ ¥eá ¸ ¥Ã‚  was million or millions; subsequently, a personification of á ¸ ¤eá ¸ ¥ was adopted as the Egyptian god of infinity. In this explanation of why a particular word was personified the way it was, subsequently joins the ideas and conveys sequence at the same time. The word heh means millions; it follows that the personification derived from heh would be a god of infinity. 2. They link ideas in two or more sentences. Democracy has empowered thousands upon thousands of the â€Å"selfish, ignorant, timid, stubborn, or foolish,† who come from a mix of different nationalities. All hope is not lost, however, since there are â€Å"hundreds who are wise.†    In this quotation from a speech by Woodrow Wilson, the however connects and contrasts â€Å"thousands of foolish citizens† in the first sentence with â€Å"hundreds who are wise† in the second sentence. 3. They show relationships between ideas within an independent clause. We are determined to do whatever must be done in the interest of this country and, indeed, in the interest of all to protect the dollar as a convertible currency at its current fixed rate. In this quotation from a speech by John F. Kennedy, indeed connects ideas within the sentence: the idea of doing something on a national level and on an international level as well. Punctuation note: A conjunctive adverb within a sentence is set off by commas. A conjunctive adverb that begins or ends a sentence is set off by one comma: Therefore, let us reconsider this legislation that marginalizes a large proportion of employees. You were late for the fifth time today; you are dismissed, therefore. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar 101 category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryTry to vs. Try andGrammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Analysing The Qualities Of An Effective Communicator Education Essay

Analysing The Qualities Of An Effective Communicator Education Essay The qualities of an effective communicator in the early learning centre are establishing and maintaining meaningful and respectful relationships with Educators, families and children. As an Educator, communicating effectively demonstrates interest, trust, commitment and professionalism. Educators communicate through a variety of different ways. Communicating effectively can be through forms of writing, speech, verbal, non-verbal and body language. Communication is the key to success and importantly what brings the world together. An effective communicator is an effective listener. The quality of an effective communicator in the early learning centre provides families and parents important and relevant information and the willingness to discuss positive aspects of the child. Communicating effectively demonstrates a high level of quality and reassurance for both parents and the educator. Important information that is discussed and carried out within the early learning centre is the ch ild’s progression (daily information). This information that is relevantly discussed is the child’s routine, meal times, sleep times, the child’s developmental areas which are social skills, communication skills, fine and gross motor skills, emotional and cognitive skills and the child’s well-being. Informative discussions that are held between educators and families are based on the child’s interests and motives. This information is beneficial for the parents and demonstrates how an educator shows initiative and companionship towards children and their education that the educator brings into the child’s environment. Families also are benefiting and gaining this information which allows them an understanding and good results of how their child is progressing in the centre. This includes what the child may need to focus on and the positive side of the child. As children are all individuals, educators are to include children with special needs to experience literature, language skills and all areas of development skills. Children with special needs have special aids that teach children communication skills and different ways of communication which involves mostly how to understand communication which is non-verbal. Within the daily program that is carried out in an early learning centre, educators are to also include diversity. Including language through diversity promotes children the ability to learn different languages, culture and most importantly how to speak different languages. As an Educator, communicating effectively to children develops their social, emotional, physical and intellectual skills. While communicating to children it broadens their understanding on reading and literacy. These main two qualities of development help children to improve on their pronunciation skills and their language skills. As children are developing such an important skill in their life, they are developing self-confidence within th emselves. As an educator, demonstrating effective communication skills enhances children’s awareness of how to talk, read and write. Children learn by hearing words, therefore when educators are communicating to children within the learning centre, children are capable of matching the words together and making meaning of what is being heard. As quoted, â€Å"Reading aloud with children is known to be the single most important activity for building the knowledge and skills they will eventually require for learning to read.† – Marilyn Jager Adams.

Proposal Letter and Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposal Letter and Article Summary - Essay Example Upon a critical review, of the request for Proposal, our skilled team of Information Technology experts developed a comprehensive structure that will aid in the equipment of the latest computer system. New desktop computers from IBM will be purchased and installed. Our supplier chain will be able to provide sealed pricing proposals of the latest branded and generic (IBM clone) desktop systems, as well as laptops. These computers will have to be networked in order to allow for information sharing and tighten security. Our team has developed a plan that integrates networking of the computers, configuration, installation of software and antivirus software, and training will provided to the staff in order to give them a hands-on experience on this new technology. We have already sent a catalogue of desktop computers and laptops from our supply chain to Kathy Hennig, the senior Purchaser at C.P.M., which has been approved. Smartechs Corporation specializes in software development and supplies computers and computer accessories to our esteemed customers. We also provide training solutions to our customers on Internet security, networking, and basic computer use, and software. As implied in our name, which means â€Å"smart technicians,† we are a dynamic company who believe in embracing technology for future change and success.